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Integration of photovoltaic solar energy in buildings

The solar energy is a renewable form of generating electricity from the energy provided by sunlight from solar panels.

The panels, modules or photovoltaic panels are formed by small semiconductor diodes who are excited to receive solar radiation producing electric potential difference between its ends. The serial coupling of many of these diodes can generate electric potential fifferences greater than can be harnessed to power various loads.

The material used in its manufacture is silicon , which is located on a very abundant in the earth. To next figure illustrates the manufacturing process:

This technology can be integrated into the design of buildings for production of electrical energy they consume.

The objective set by the European Union to ensure that all new buildings are self-sustaining from 2020 makes this technology one of the cornerstones to achieve this ambitious goal.

This technology has many advantages, but there are problems to be overcome before getting to be a profitable energy without administrative support. We will analyze both:

Its advantages include:

• is inexhaustible and free depends exclusively on solar radiation.
• produces no noise or emissions of polluting gases.
• Systems safe and reliable that require little maintenance. Allows
• aesthetic integration with building enclosures.

Among the disadvantages: Low

• performance, only 15% incident solar energy is converted into electricity.
• requires a high occupancy surface (generating about 75 Wp/m2 panel).
• Its generation capacity varies depending on the intensity of irradiation.
• Difficulties in storing energy.
• Their profitability depends on the administrative grants.

therefore must be achieved in terms of improving the capacity of power generation and storage techniques of energy to achieve the objective of building self-raised by the EU. According to the Association European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) in 2015 will ensure that this technology will be profitable even without external aid.

photovoltaic manufacturers are working on solutions that allow seamless integration with the walls that form the building envelope. As we will see its use is not limited to having a series of panels on the roof of the building. The alternatives are: Integration

• curtain walls and windows crystals:

• Integration
  blind facade cladding:

• Covers:

The outlook for the coming years will be an important technological advance of this technology and a large increase in its use both in buildings and new construction in existing buildings.

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solar cooling by absorption machines

The ecological alternative when control a building is the use of sources renewable energy or recycling of surplus energy from other processes.

For these applications are used absorption machines. These machines differ from air conditioning machines of conventional vapor compression in the external source of energy for its operation is thermally and non-electrical.

In particular an excellent source of energy is solar power, many facilities are used only for generating hot water, showing large surpluses in many cases directly dissipated to the environment, especially in summer months the demand cooling is higher.

Among the various types of stress absorption machine: Machines

• simple fact ammonia / water.
• double effect machines water / bromide Litres.

SIMPLE MACHINES EFFECT

explain

first mode of operation of single-acting machines from each of the constituent elements and shown in the following scheme:

• 
  
  Builder: containing a solution of ammonia dissolved in water at high pressure (about 20 bar). The effect of external thermal energy fed into the dissolved ammonia is vaporized, separated from the water. The steam generated is directed into the condenser. Capacitor
• : this exchanger ammonia condenses releasing heat to another fluid, which may be water or air.
• expansion valve: ammonia liquid at high pressure expands sharply lowering its pressure, so that goes to state two-phase (liquid + vapor).
• Evaporator: ammonia evaporates absorbing energy utilization circuit, generally water that feeds a set of fan coil air conditioned in charge of the different rooms.
• Absorber: low pressure steam to dissolve it goes back into the water from the generator.
• Pump: is responsible for circulating the mixture of ammonia dissolved in water to the generator.

These machines have a COP between 0.6 and 0.8.

These machines require a thermal fluid to a temperatra between 70-90 º C. In case of using solar energy are suitable vacuum sensors.

DOUBLE EFFECT MACHINES

As for dual-purpose machines operation is similar except that the fluid refrigentante in this case is water and the absorbent is a salt (lithium bromide).

presents the same elements as a single engine generator effect by adding a low temperature.

generation refrigerant fluid (water) and regeneration of the absorbent is carried out in 2 different stages, hence the name of double effect.

The following diagram illustrates how it works:

concentrated LiBr solution is sucked from the absorber and transported to the low temperature generator. Once there is boiling because the heat transferred by the refrigerant (water vapor) produced by the generator high temperature, releasing water vapor and produce a solution even more concentrated LiBr, part of which is sucked by a pump and transported to the high temperature generator and the other part returns to the absorber before a recovery from low temperature where it is cooled.

In the high temperature generator is boiling concentrated solution by the effect of external heat source, generating refrigerant at high temperature. As mentioned above this high temperature steam loses heat in the low temperature generator, producing a partial condensation thereof. Therefore, the low temperature generator also acts as a capacitor.

The steam generated in the low temperature generator flows into the condenser where the latent heat yields the cooling water circuit changing state (vapor to liquid).

refrigerant produced in the two generators, and in liquid is sprayed through a spray on a heat exchanger tube, inside of which circulates water is cooled in this process. The water spray is evaporated in this heat exchange, passing back to the absorber where it meets part of the saturated solution from the generators to be absorbed by it.

This rather complex process able to increase the COP of the machine up to 1 - 1.2.

These machines require a temperatra thermal fluid above 150 ° C. In case of using solar energy requires the use of steerable parabolic collectors .
This technology offers an excellent opportunity for an environmental conditioning advantage of the best solar energy so accessible that we have in the Mediterranean countries.

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efficiency index energy (EER)

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geothermal heat pumps

In this post we will develop the principle of operation of geothermal heat pumps and discuss their main advantages and disadvantages.

These pumps take advantage of the underground as a heat source in heating mode, or as a heat sink in cooling mode.

funcionmiento

Its principle is the same as that of a conventional heat pump, based on the simple cycle vapor compression or Carnot cycle.

The principle of Carnot can extract heat from a cold to cede it to a hot and vice versa. But like most things in life that is not free to do so we need to make a certain amount of external mechanical energy.

Thus a conventional heat pump uses the following elements:

• Refrigerating or primary : is the key to the system as it is in charge of transporting energy extracted from the cold and takes up the hot. This is possible due to the behavior that these fluids have to change their presión.Utilizando an analogy with the human body's blood system.
• mechanical compressor: is responsible for compressing the refrigerant in a gaseous state at low increasing pressure in the process pressure and temperature. in this process requires the contribution of external mechanical energy. It is the heart of the system.
• heat exchangers: are responsible for conducting heat exchange between the coolant and other fluid, which may well be outside air or water. They are known as evaporator and condenser by processes that occur in them. Heat is extracted from the cold through a process of evaporation of the refrigerant and transferred to the warm for a condensation process itself.

The bombs geothermal heat is often used a secondary fluid, usually water, to make the transfer of heat from the exchanger into the ground, but also can directly exchange heat between the primary fluid (coolant) and the field.

In cooling mode is necessary to cool the secondary fluid exchanger using for it buried underground.

In heating mode is necessary to heat the secondary fluid condition using the same exchanger buried in the ground.

This exchange with the ground is possible thanks to the stability of soil temperatures from the 10-15 m depth. The following graph shows the temperature profiles at different times of year:

As can be seen from the 15 m depth temperatures remain fairly constant throughout the year.

Depending on the configuration of the exchanger buried there are two types of systems:

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS HORIZONTAL

buried pipes are buried around the house to a depth of 1 meter. Require an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 1.5 times that occupied by housing.

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS VERTICAL

The collection system consists of vertical tubes up to 100 m deep. Requires a much lower surface horizontal systems.

Major benefits of geothermal heat pumps are

• present a energy efficiency ratio 30-40% higher than conventional equipment.
• are considered a renewable energy source that can be subencionadas.
• require less maintenance.
• No risk of Legionella infections.
• Lower consumption of primary energy with the consequent reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases.
• Security.
• Long life.
• Easy maintenance.

Its main drawbacks are :

Mayor
• initial investment cost. Mayor
• difficulty in executing the works.
• interference with other facilities.

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How to identify excessive consumption of electricity in the home

When we decided to reduce power consumption of our house one of the questions that arise is to identify where we are consuming more energy.

The causes of excessive consumption can be as much as by improper installation as cosumidores equipment failure.

A simple and inexpensive way to determine the consumption is to install a kwh meter power line supplies for consumption.

switchgear manufacturers suminisran products easy to install and reliable measurement.

This equipment is temporarily installed in series with the line in which you want to measure, keeping them installed during the period in which you want to record consumption. The setup diagram is as follows:

As you can see the meter is installed downstream of the circuit breaker and in series with the line that tries to identify the consumer.

Its small size and connection at the bottom allows you to integrate them into commercial electrical boxes.

Their use can be either isolated, with the same meter reading, or coordinated by automatons who take automatic readings of various gauges.

is a solution that will help decision making when optimize the power consumption of our home.

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Lighting Control: Lighting

One of the main sources of power consumption a home is lighting. Therefore it is questionable techniques that focus on the reduction.

A simple, economical and effective to achieve this is through the use of electronic controllers to regulate at will brightness level in the room.

lighting requirements depend on the task and the contribution of natural light outside, and through these elements will adjust the lighting level based on these factors.

The main advantages of using these controllers are:

• Easy installation without changing the wiring.
• allow create different atmospheres in the room.
• energy saving, reduction 25% brightness level reduces consumption by 20%.

typical installation diagram is as follows:

When selecting the type of controller must take into account the electrical power to loads that will service.

As for the type of controllers are distinguished by the type of drive:

• 
  
  De button. A short pulse of light on or off, a long press adjusts the intensity.

• 
  
  Rotary. The adjustment is made by turning a wheel.

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efficient electronic controllers: types of efficient lighting fixtures

In the early stages of design and operation of a building can be raised the proper selection of lighting to use in it.

In this post we present the different types of lights on the market and their advantages and disadvantages and the values \u200b\u200bof fundamental parameters for selection.

key parameters when choosing a type of luminaire or another are:

• Electric power consumption (W).
• luminous efficacy: relationship between the luminous flux produced by the lamp (lumens) and the electric power consumed (W).
• Life in hours of use.

The type of luminaires on the market are: INCANDESCENT

non-halogen incandescent

: the most widely used for its low price and ease of installation. Its functioning is based on the luminous flux emitted by a tungsten filament to be run by an electric current. Have low performance.

Halogen Incandescent: incorporate a halogen gas to prevent evaporation of the filament and deposited into the vial. Have a higher cost than non-halogen, high performance and life than this.

DISCHARGE LAMPS

The lighting is achieved by excitation of a gas subjected to discharges between two electrodes. Require auxiliary equipment (ballasts, starter) for operation. Are more efficient than incandescent lamps. They are classified according to the type of gas used and its pressure:

tubular fluorescent lamps: are mercury vapor lamps at low pressure. Quality of color and low illuminance makes them suitable for use in low height rooms. Are the most used after the incandescent.

compact fluorescent lamps: have the same performance as the tube. They consist of one or more fluorescent tubes bent. They are the alternative of life more effectively and to incandescent lamps.

electrodeless fluorescent lamps: emit light in the presence of a magnetic field with a gas discharge. Have a long life (60000 hours) is only limited by the electronics. are also called induction lamps.

mercury vapor lamps of high pressure lamps more powerful than those of fluorescence, emit more light output but their efficacy is somewhat lower. Commonly used in lighting large areas such as streets, industrial ...

blended light lamps: are a mix of mercury vapor lamps high pressure and filament. No ballast required because the filament acts as a current stabilizer. Not very efficient, being in abeyance.

metal halide lamps: metal halide present filled with mercury to improve their ability to reproduce color and its effectiveness. Its use is widespread in public lighting applications, facades, monuments ...

ceramic metal halide lamps: new family of luminaires that combine the technology of metal halide lamps with high pressure sodium. The discharge tube is made of ceramic material which allows them to operate at higher temperatures du increasing lifespan (about 15000 hours). They are well suited for use in the tertiary sector (retail, office ,...).

sodium vapor lamps at low pressure: discharge originates in a tube of sodium vapor at low pressure producing a nearly monochromatic radiation. Are most effective in the market, but the light color (yellow) makes them suitable for uses such as highways, tunnels ...

Sodium vapor lamps to high pressure: have a better color rendition than low pressure although its effectiveness decreases with respect to them. It is currently growing use as a replacement for mercury vapor lamps. LED TECHNOLOGY



light emitting diodes (LEDs) are based on semiconductors that convert electricity into light without the need of filament. Their life expectancy is high (about 50000 hours) being 80% more efficient than incandescent lamps. Are used in many applications such as windows, light signals, decorative lighting ...

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The lighting of buildings is a major source of energy thereof. Thus by use of the building the percentages of energy consumption devoted to lighting are:

Offices 50% Offices

Building use	% of energy consumption for lighting
	50%
	Hospitals 20-30%
Industry	15%
10-15% Schools
Shops 15-70%
Hotels 25-50%
10-15% residential

According to these data, the potential energy savings of this facility is high.

To reduce energy consumption can be consider different strategies: Adequate

• interior design of the building.
• Harnessing natural light .
• Improved performance lighting fixtures.
• proper management and use of the facility.